繞組運行的(de)(de)(de)可(ke)靠性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)和使用壽命，很大程度(du)(du)上(shang)取決于絕緣(yuan)材(cai)料的(de)(de)(de)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)。對(dui)(dui)絕緣(yuan)材(cai)料性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)的(de)(de)(de)基本(ben)要(yao)求(qiu)包括電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣(qi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)、耐熱性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)和機械性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)，本(ben)文Ms.參(can)對(dui)(dui)絕緣(yuan)材(cai)料的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣(qi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)進行簡(jian)單介(jie)紹。絕緣(yuan)材(cai)料的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣(qi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)包括擊穿(chuan)(chuan)強度(du)(du)，絕緣(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)率(lv)、介(jie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系數(shu)和介(jie)質損耗等。用絕緣(yuan)材(cai)料擊穿(chuan)(chuan)處(chu)的(de)(de)(de)厚度(du)(du)除擊穿(chuan)(chuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，以千伏/毫米(mi)表示。絕緣(yuan)材(cai)料的(de)(de)(de)擊穿(chuan)(chuan)，大致(zhi)可(ke)分為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)擊穿(chuan)(chuan)、熱擊穿(chuan)(chuan)和放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)擊穿(chuan)(chuan)三(san)種(zhong)形式(shi)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機對(dui)(dui)絕緣(yuan)材(cai)料電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣(qi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)要(yao)求(qiu)，以擊穿(chuan)(chuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場強度(du)(du)和絕緣(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)為*重要(yao)。

　　根(gen)據(ju)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)類型(xing)不(bu)同，對其他電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣(qi)性能(neng)(neng)要求(qiu)則不(bu)*一樣，例如高壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)的(de)絕緣，要求(qiu)絕緣材料介質損耗要小(xiao)，耐電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)暈性要好(hao);并(bing)須考慮鐵心和(he)導體(ti)之間的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場(chang)分布。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場(chang)強度(du)增加(jia)。損耗角(jiao)正(zheng)切(qie)也隨之增大(da)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)增加(jia)到某一值時，介質內部的(de)氣(qi)泡或電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極邊緣會出現局部游(you)離現象，損耗角(jiao)正(zheng)切(qie)突然顯(xian)著增大(da)，這(zhe)一電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)值稱為起始(shi)游(you)離電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)。工程上(shang)常(chang)利用起始(shi)游(you)離電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)的(de)測量(liang)，檢查絕緣結構內部存(cun)在的(de)氣(qi)隙情況，以控制絕緣質量(liang)。此外，有些絕緣材料還應考慮耐電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)暈、耐電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)弧、抗漏(lou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)痕跡等電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣(qi)性能(neng)(neng)。

　　絕緣材(cai)料(liao)的介(jie)質(zhi)(zhi)損(sun)耗(hao)(hao)，絕緣材(cai)料(liao)在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場作用下(xia)，由于漏(lou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)和(he)極(ji)化等原因產(chan)生能(neng)量損(sun)耗(hao)(hao)。一(yi)般用損(sun)耗(hao)(hao)功率或(huo)損(sun)耗(hao)(hao)角(jiao)正(zheng)切(qie)表示介(jie)質(zhi)(zhi)損(sun)耗(hao)(hao)大小。在(zai)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓作用下(xia)，將(jiang)通(tong)過(guo)瞬時(shi)(shi)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)、吸(xi)收電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)和(he)漏(lou)導電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)。當施加交流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓時(shi)(shi)，則瞬時(shi)(shi)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)為無功電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu));漏(lou)導電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓同相位，為有功電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu);吸(xi)收電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)則既(ji)有無功電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)分量，也有有功電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)分量。影響絕緣材(cai)料(liao)介(jie)質(zhi)(zhi)損(sun)耗(hao)(hao)的主要因素。由于不(bu)(bu)同頻(pin)率下(xia)具有不(bu)(bu)同的介(jie)質(zhi)(zhi)損(sun)耗(hao)(hao)，故測量損(sun)耗(hao)(hao)角(jiao)正(zheng)切(qie)值時(shi)(shi)必須選定(ding)(ding)一(yi)定(ding)(ding)的頻(pin)率，通(tong)常電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機所用的材(cai)料(liao)，一(yi)般都(dou)是(shi)測量其工頻(pin)時(shi)(shi)的介(jie)質(zhi)(zhi)損(sun)耗(hao)(hao)角(jiao)正(zheng)切(qie)。

　　絕(jue)緣(yuan)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)的(de)(de)作用下，總會(hui)有微(wei)小的(de)(de)漏(lou)導(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流通過。此電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流一(yi)部(bu)分流經材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)內部(bu);一(yi)部(bu)分流經材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)表(biao)(biao)面(mian)。因(yin)而絕(jue)緣(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)可分為(wei)(wei)體積(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)和表(biao)(biao)面(mian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)。體積(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)表(biao)(biao)征材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)內部(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)特性，單位(wei)為(wei)(wei)歐姆·米;表(biao)(biao)面(mian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)表(biao)(biao)征材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)表(biao)(biao)面(mian)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)特性，單位(wei)為(wei)(wei)歐姆。絕(jue)緣(yuan)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)體積(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)通常(chang)在(zai)107到(dao)1019姆·米范圍內。絕(jue)緣(yuan)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)，一(yi)般與下列因(yin)素有關。絕(jue)緣(yuan)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)中的(de)(de)雜質大(da)都產生導(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)離(li)子，又能促使極(ji)性分子的(de)(de)離(li)解，使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)迅(xun)速下降(jiang)，隨(sui)著(zhu)溫度(du)的(de)(de)升高，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)成(cheng)指數下降(jiang)。